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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lokesh Chandra</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete icon dharma" style="background-color:#FFD068;color:#000000"><div>Lokesh Chandra<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r228712602">
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</style></div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"></div><div class="legend">Lokesh Chandra en 2005.</div></div><table><caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#FFD068">Fonction</caption><tbody><tr class="row1col" style="background-color:#FFE6AA"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFE6AA"><a href="Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Membre de la Rajya Sabha</a></th></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#FFD068">Biographie</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Naissance</th><td class=""><div>
<span class="wd_p569"><time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="1927-04-11" data-sort-value="1927-04-11"><a href="11_avril" title="11 avril">11</a> <a href="Avril_1927" title="Avril 1927">avril</a> <a href="1927" title="1927">1927</a></time></span> <br><span class="wd_p19"><a href="Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Nationalité</th><td class=""><div>
<span class="wd_p27"><a href="Inde" title="Inde">indienne</a></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Formation</th><td class=""><div>
<span class="wd_p69"><a href="Universit%C3%A9_du_Pendjab_(Lahore)" title="Université du Pendjab (Lahore)">Université du Pendjab</a><br><a href="Universit%C3%A9_d'Utrecht" title="Université d'Utrecht">Université d'Utrecht</a></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Activités</th><td class=""><div>
<span class="wd_p106"><a href="Personnalit%C3%A9_politique" title="Personnalité politique">Homme politique</a>, <a href="%C3%89crivain" title="Écrivain">écrivain</a>, <a href="Tib%C3%A9tologie" title="Tibétologie">tibétologue</a>, <a href="Enseignement" title="Enseignement">professeur d'université</a>, compilateur, <a href="Historien" title="Historien">historien</a>, <a href="Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguiste</a>, <a href="Indologie" title="Indologie">indianiste</a></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Père</th><td class=""><div>
<span class="wd_p22">Raghu Vira <small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Vira" class="extiw external" title="en:Raghu Vira"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article sur Wikipédia en anglais">en</span></a>)</small></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#FFD068">Autres informations</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Membre de</th><td class=""><div>
<span class="wd_p463"><a href="Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Mongolie" title="Académie des sciences de Mongolie">Académie des sciences de Mongolie</a> <small>(<time>2011</time>)</small></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Distinction</th><td class=""><div>
<span class="wd_p166"><a href="Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><b>Lokesh Chandra</b>, né le <time class="nowrap bday" datetime="1927-04-11" data-sort-value="1927-04-11">11 avril 1927</time> à <a href="Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a> est un universitaire contemporain du <a href="Bouddhisme" title="Bouddhisme">bouddhisme</a> et des <a href="Art_en_Inde" title="Art en Inde">arts indiens</a>, spécialiste de la <a href="P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique" title="Période védique">période védique</a> et <a href="Tib%C3%A9tologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibétologue">tibétologue</a>. Il est le fils du célèbre érudit en <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a> et homme politique Raghu Vira <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Vira" class="extiw external" title="en:Raghu Vira"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Raghu Vira »">(en)</span></a>.
</p><p>Entre 1942 et 2004, il a publié 576 livres et 286 articles. Parmi ceux-ci, certains sont devenus des classiques comme : <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary</span></i> (<i>Dictionnaire tibétain-sanskrit</i>) en 19 volumes, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Materials for a History of Tibetan Literature</span></i> (<i>Matières pour une histoire de littérature tibétaine</i>), <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dictionary of Buddhist Iconography</span></i> (<i>Dictionnaire de l'iconographie bouddhique</i>) en 15 volumes.
</p><p>Il a occupé plusieurs postes officiels au sein du <a href="Gouvernement_indien" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement indien">gouvernement indien</a> et a été deux fois membre du Parlement (1974-1980) et (1980-1986).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographie">Biographie</h2></div>
<p>Lokesh Chandra est né le <time class="nowrap bday" datetime="1927-04-11" data-sort-value="1927-04-11">11 avril 1927</time> à <a href="Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>. Il est le fils du célèbre érudit, linguiste et homme politique Raghu Vira <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Vira" class="extiw external" title="en:Raghu Vira"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Raghu Vira »">(en)</span></a>, qui lui enseigne le <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>, le <a href="P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">pāli</a> et les <a href="Pr%C3%A2krit" title="Prâkrit">dialectes prākrits</a>. Doué pour les langues, il apprend également l’anglais, le <a href="Tib%C3%A9tain" title="Tibétain">tibétain</a>, le chinois, le japonais entre autres<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>En <a href="1942" title="1942">1942</a> il écrit ses deux premiers articles : <i>Surveys Buddhism in Mongolia (Enquête sur le bouddhisme en Mongolie)</i> et <i>Tibet and Indian (Tibet et Inde)</i>, qui seront suivis de 284 autres, jusqu’en <a href="2002" title="2002">2002</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>En <a href="1947" title="1947">1947</a>, il obtient une maîtrise à l'<a href="Universit%C3%A9_du_Pendjab_(Lahore)" title="Université du Pendjab (Lahore)">université du Pendjab</a> de <a href="Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> (ville <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">pakistanaise</a> depuis la <a href="Partition_des_Indes" title="Partition des Indes">partition de l’Inde</a> en <a href="1947" title="1947">1947</a>). Puis il se rend aux <a href="Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a> pour étudier le <a href="Kawi" title="Kawi">kawi</a> ou « vieux-javanais », enseigné par l'orientaliste <a href="Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> à l'<a href="Universit%C3%A9_d'Utrecht" title="Université d'Utrecht">université d'Utrecht</a>.
</p><p>En <a href="1954" title="1954">1954</a>, il achève une édition critique de l'ensemble du «<i>Jaiminīya</i> <a href="Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brāhmaṇa</a>». Jusqu’en <a href="2004" title="2004">2004</a> , il publie 576 ouvrages (études, dictionnaires, fascicules), dont il est auteur ou co-auteur. Parmi ceux-ci, certains sont aujourd’hui considérés comme étant des classiques : le «<i>Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary</i>» (<i>Dictionnaire tibétain-sanskrit</i> » en 19 volumes (<a href="1955" title="1955">1955</a>-<a href="1960" title="1960">1960</a>, publié en <a href="1961" title="1961">1961</a>, complété en <a href="1994" title="1994">1994</a>, «<i>Materials for a History of Tibetan Literature</i>» (<i>Matières pour une histoire de littérature tibétaine</i>) » (<a href="1963" title="1963">1963</a>), «<i>Dictionary of Buddhist Iconography</i>» (<i>Dictionnaire de l'iconographie bouddhique</i>) en quinze volumes (<a href="1999" title="1999">1999 </a>-<a href="2004" title="2004">2004 </a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Lokesh Chandra n'est pas seulement un éminent érudit. Plusieurs postes officiels au sein du gouvernement indien lui sont confiés au sein de plusieurs comités : éducation, langue officielle, mais aussi tourisme, industrie lourde et bien d'autres, car son expertise ne se limite pas au bouddhisme et à l'art indien, ses domaines de prédilection.
</p><p>Il est également membre du parlement indien, le <a href="Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> à deux reprises (<a href="1974" title="1974">1974</a>-<a href="1980" title="1980">1980</a>) et (<a href="1980" title="1980">1980</a>-<a href="1986" title="1986">1986</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>En <a href="2006" title="2006">2006</a>, il est décoré du <a href="Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a>, catégorie « <i>Littérature et Éducation</i> » par le gouvernement indien<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Il est président du Indian Council for Cultural Relations <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_for_Cultural_Relations" class="extiw external" title="en:Indian Council for Cultural Relations"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Indian Council for Cultural Relations »">(en)</span></a> (<i>Conseil indien des relations culturelles</i>) pendant la période <a href="2014" title="2014">2014</a>-<a href="2017" title="2017">2017</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div>
<p>Entre <a href="1942" title="1942">1942</a> et <a href="2004" title="2004">2004</a>, Lokesh Chandra a publié de nombreux ouvrages (seul ou en qualité de co-auteur) et articles, totalisant 862 publications<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. À défaut d’en reproduire une liste exhaustive, en voici quelques-unes, figurant parmi les plus souvent citées.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ouvrages">Ouvrages</h3></div>
<ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="1961"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary, en 12 volumes + 7complémentaires</cite>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, <time>1961</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan-Sanskrit+Dictionary%2C+en+12+volumes+%2B+7compl%C3%A9mentaires&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture+and+Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span>, réimprimé en 1971, 1991 et 1993 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class=" noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0581-8532">0581-8532</a></span>)</small>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1979"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Nīlakaṇṭha Lokeśvara as the Buddhist apotheosis of Hari-hara</cite>, New Delhi, International Academy of Indian Culture, <time>1979</time>, 18 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha+Loke%C5%9Bvara+as+the+Buddhist+apotheosis+of+Hari-hara&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture&rft.date=1979&rft.tpages=18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1988"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, Volume1</cite>, New Delhi, Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, <time>1988</time>, 303 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">9788170172475</span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thousand-armed+Avalokite%C5%9Bvara%2C+Volume1&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications%2C+Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=1988&rft.tpages=303&rft.isbn=9788170172475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1971"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">India's Contributions to World Thought and Culture (Collectif dirigé par Lokesh Chandra)</cite>, <a href="Madras" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, Publié par le Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee, <time>1971</time>, 838 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Contributions+to+World+Thought+and+Culture+%28Collectif+dirig%C3%A9+par+Lokesh+Chandra%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=Publi%C3%A9+par+le+Vivekananda+Rock+Memorial+Committee&rft.date=1971&rft.tpages=838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Transcendental Art of Tibet</cite>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, Publié par International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, <time>1996</time>, 234 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">9788186471890</span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendental+Art+of+Tibet&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Publi%C3%A9+par+International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture+and+Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=234&rft.isbn=9788186471890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="Sharada_Rani1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Avec_Sharada_Rani1978"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Avec Sharada Rani, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Mudras in Japan. Volume 243 of Śata-pitaka series :Indo-Asian literatures</cite>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, Vedams eBooks (réimpression), 1978 (réimpression en 2001), 302 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">9788179360002</span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mudras+in+Japan.+Volume+243+of+%C5%9Aata-pitaka+series+%3AIndo-Asian+literatures&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Vedams+eBooks+%28r%C3%A9impression%29&rft.au=Avec+Sharada+Rani&rft.date=2001&rft.tpages=302&rft.isbn=9788179360002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1990-1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Cultural Horizons of India: Studies in Tantra and Buddhism, art and archaeology, language and literature (Śata-pitaka series :Indo-Asian literatures en 7 volumes n° : 361, 366, 370, 381, 388, 390, 391)</cite>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, Publié par l’International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1990-1998<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Horizons+of+India%3A+Studies+in+Tantra+and+Buddhism%2C+art+and+archaeology%2C+language+and+literature+%28%C5%9Aata-pitaka+series+%3AIndo-Asian+literatures+en+7+volumes+n%C2%B0+%3A+361%2C+366%2C+370%2C+381%2C+388%2C+390%2C+391%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Publi%C3%A9+par+l%E2%80%99International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture+and+Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">8185179522</span>)</small> (il s'agit de l'isbn du <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> volume)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1999-2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Dictionary of Buddhist Iconography. Śata-pitaka series: Indo-Asian literatures en 15 volumes</cite>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, Publié par International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1999-2005 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class=" noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0581-8532">0581-8532</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Buddhist+Iconography.+%C5%9Aata-pitaka+series%3A+Indo-Asian+literatures+en+15+volumes&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Publi%C3%A9+par+International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture+and+Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="Raghu_Vira1959"><span class="ouvrage" id="Avec_Raghu_Vira1959"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Avec Raghu Vira, <cite class="italique" lang="en"><i>Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts.</i> Śata-pitaka series en 10 vol</cite>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, International Academy of Indian Culture. Réimpression en 3 volumes en édition compacte facsimilée par Sri Satguru Publishers, 1959-1974 ; réimpression : 1995 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">9788170304449</span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Gilgit+Buddhist+Manuscripts.%27%27+%C5%9Aata-pitaka+series+en+10+vol&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture.+R%C3%A9impression+en+3+volumes+en+%C3%A9dition+compacte+facsimil%C3%A9e+par+Sri+Satguru+Publishers&rft.au=Avec+Raghu+Vira&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9788170304449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span></span> et <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">9788170304456</span>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Kāranda-vyūha-sūtra or The supernal virtues of Avalokiteśvara</cite>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, <time>1999</time>, 295 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">9788186471890</span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81randa-vy%C5%ABha-s%C5%ABtra+or+The+supernal+virtues+of+Avalokite%C5%9Bvara&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture+and+Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.tpages=295&rft.isbn=9788186471890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div>
<ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="1985-1986"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Origin of Avalokitesvara</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Indologica Taurinenaia, publié par <a href="International_Association_of_Sanskrit_Studies" title="International Association of Sanskrit Studies">International Association of Sanskrit Studies</a> (IASS)</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> XIII, 1985-1986, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">187-202</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Avalokitesvara&rft.jtitle=Indologica+Taurinenaia%2C+publi%C3%A9+par+International+Association+of+Sanskrit+Studies+%28IASS%29&rft.date=1986&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=187-202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="1979"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Origin of The Avalokiteśvara of Potala</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Kailash: A journal of Himalayan Studies. Ratna Pustak Bhandar</span></i>, <time>1979</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origin+of+The+Avalokite%C5%9Bvara+of+Potala&rft.jtitle=Kailash%3A+A+journal+of+Himalayan+Studies.+Ratna+Pustak+Bhandar&rft.date=1979&rft.tpages=21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALokesh+Chandra"></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2></div>
<ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokesh_Chandra?oldid=395006832">Lokesh Chandra</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokesh_Chandra?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dans le cadre de ses travaux de recherches, il apprend plusieurs autres langues: l’<a href="Avesta" title="Avesta">avesta</a>, l’<a href="Vieux_perse" title="Vieux perse">ancien persan</a>, le <a href="Mongol" title="Mongol">mongol</a>, l’indonésien, le <a href="Grec_ancien" title="Grec ancien">grec ancien</a>, l’allemand, le français le russe et divers dialectes anciens. Ainsi, en plus de sa langue maternelle, le <a href="Hindi" title="Hindi">hindi</a>, il parle une vingtaine de langues.<br>Source : Données biographiques de Lokesh Chandra établies par la Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi_University_of_Buddhist-Indic_Studies" class="extiw external" title="en:Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies »">(en)</span></a>, lire en ligne : <span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205214/http://www.sanchiuniv.org.in/pdf/Lokesh%20Chandra%20CV.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Bio-Data of Prof. Lokesh Chandra, p.2</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org/sanchiuni.org.in</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205214/http://www.sanchiuniv.org.in/pdf/Lokesh%20Chandra%20CV.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Bio-Data of Prof. Lokesh Chandra, p.3, 19-27</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org/sanchiuni.org.in</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205214/http://www.sanchiuniv.org.in/pdf/Lokesh%20Chandra%20CV.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Bio-Data of Prof. Lokesh Chandra, p.8-18</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org/sanchiuni.org.in</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205214/http://www.sanchiuniv.org.in/pdf/Lokesh%20Chandra%20CV.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Bio-Data of Prof. Lokesh Chandra, p.2</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org/sanchiuni.org.in</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https:////web.archive.org/web/20140727232800/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=210"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Padma Bhushan Awardees, 2006 (p16)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive/archive.india.gouv.in</span>, <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="of_India_:_Ministry_of_External_Affairs2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Government_of_India_:_Ministry_of_External_Affairs2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Government of India : Ministry of External Affairs, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/24157/Prof+Lokesh+Chandra+appointed+as+the+17th+President+of+Indian+Council+for+Cultural+Relations"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Prof. Lokesh Chandra appointed as the 17th President of Indian Council for Cultural Relations</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-30" data-sort-value="2021-10-30">30 octobre 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Entre 1942 et 2004, Lokesh Chandra (auteur ou co-auteur), a publié 576 ouvrages (études, fascicules et dictionnaires) et 286 articles, lire en ligne la liste détaillée (pp.8-27 du document) : <span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205214/http://www.sanchiuniv.org.in/pdf/Lokesh%20Chandra%20CV.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Bio-Data of Prof. Lokesh Chandra, p.8-27.</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org/sanchiuni.org.in</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Nīlakaṇṭha Lokeśvara as the Buddhist apotheosis of Hari-hara, 1979, lire en ligne : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/nilakantha-lokesvara-as-the-buddhist-apotheosis-of-hari-hara/oclc/498593454?referer=di&ht=edition">[1]</a>. Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, Volume1, 1988, lire en ligne: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=0kBSFcX-K4wC&redir_esc=y">[2]</a>. Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>,<br> également accessible sur <a href="Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>, lire en ligne: <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/170338465-the-thousand-armed-avalokitesvara/mode/2up"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">archive.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">India's Contributions to World Thought and Culture, 1971, lire en ligne: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107624/page/n3/mode/2up">[3]</a>. Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Mudras in Japan, 1978, lire en ligne : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com./books?id=YxamptX6L74C&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s">[4]</a>. Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cultural Horizons of India: Studies in Tantra and Buddhism, art and archaeology, language and literature, 1980-1990, lire en ligne : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/cultural-horizons-of-india-studies-in-tantra-and-buddhism-art-and-archaeology-language-and-literature/oclc/25080906">[5]</a>. Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts</i> , lire en ligne: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Gilgit_Buddhist_Manuscripts.html?id=xpeDJwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y">[6]</a>. Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">The Origin of Avalokitesvara, 1985-1986, liren en ligne : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.asiainstitutetorino.it/Indologica/volumes/vol13/vol13_art13_CHANDRA.pdf">[7]</a>.Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Origin of The Avalokiteśvara of Potala, 1979, lire en ligne : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/227204/kailash_07_01_01.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">[8]</a>. Consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Le_Festin_des_Sages" title="Le Festin des Sages">Le Festin des Sages</a></li>
<li><a href="Nilakantha_Dharani" title="Nilakantha Dharani">Nilakantha Dharani</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3></div>
<ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Institute_of_Advanced_Studies,_Shimla"><span class="ouvrage" id="Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Studies,_Shimla"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_t-gC73AtI"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Buddhist Iconography : Dr Lokesh Chandra in conversation with Dr. Yashaswini Chandra, durée : 1h 52 16s</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">youtube.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-21" data-sort-value="2021-09-21">21 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span></span>. Lokesh Chandra parle de l’iconographie bouddhiste.</li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="Counsil_For_Cultural_Relations"><span class="ouvrage" id="Indian_Counsil_For_Cultural_Relations"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Indian Counsil For Cultural Relations, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208213558/http://14.141.36.212/hj/iccr_qc/content/bio-profile-prof-lokesh-chandra-president-iccr"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Bio Profile of Prof. Lokesh Chandra</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-07" data-sort-value="2021-09-07">7 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span></span>. Il s’agit d’un condensé biographique de Lokesh Chandra.</li></ul>
<ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte">Portail de l’Inde</span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte">Portail du bouddhisme</span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte">Portail du Tibet</span> </span></li> </ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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